Practical interpretation • TAP blocks are best framed as multimodal, neuraxial-sparing analgesic options, particularly useful where neuraxial techniques are undesirable, impractical, or contraindicated. • The literature shows high heterogeneity, and differences in technique and delivery can contribute to variable outcomes—supporting a training focus on sono-anatomy, probe control, needle alignment, and injectate-plane confirmation rather than memorising named variants.

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